Elias Crim’s recent essay in The Hedgehog Review is excellent, but it’s also a treasure trove. Follow the references!
“Two normative conceptions of human practical rationality”:
“My argument,” says Martha Nussbaum, “will be, very roughly, that tragedy articulates both norms, A and B, criticizing A with reference to the specifically human value contained in B; that Plato, finding the risks involved in B intolerable, develops a remarkable version of A, and then himself criticizes it as lacking in some important human values; that Aristotle articulates and defends a version of B, arguing that it meets our deepest practical intuitions about the proper relationship to luck for a being who is situated between beast and god and who can see certain values that are available to neither.”
Martha Nussbaum:
The vine-tree image, standing near the poem’s end… confronts us with a deep dilemma in the poet’s situation, which is also ours. It displays the thorough intermingling of what is ours and what belongs to the world, of ambition and vulnerability, of making and being made, that are present in this and in any human life.… Human excellence is seen, in Pindar’s poem and pervasively in the Greek poetic tradition, as something whose very nature it is to be in need, a growing thing in the world that could not be made invulnerable and keep its own peculiar fineness.
The crucial question for us:
To what extent can we distinguish between what is up to the world and what is up to us, when assessing a human life? To what extent must we insist on finding these distinctions, if we are to go on praising as we praise?
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“Is the crowd merely a vulgus, the unlettered raving, or is it the populus—the community speaking?”
So much in Elizabeth Oldfield’s latest post that I want to sit with, add to, qualify, and think a lot more about.